Where Beard sees Darwinius

http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17173-why-ida-fossil-is-not-the-missing-link.html

The main thrust:

What does Ida’s anatomy tell us about her place on the family tree of humans and other primates? The fact that she retains primitive features that commonly occurred among all early primates, such as simple incisors rather than a full-fledged toothcomb, indicates that Ida belongs somewhere closer to the base of the tree than living lemurs do.

But this does not necessarily make Ida a close relative of anthropoids – the group of primates that includes monkeys, apes – and humans. In order to establish that connection, Ida would have to have anthropoid-like features that evolved after anthropoids split away from lemurs and other early primates. Here, alas, Ida fails miserably.

There’s still a deeper issue here that has yet to be fully addressed by the media.  New Scientist’s editorial wrote:

[T]here was little chance to seek disinterested comment on the researchers’ claim. By the time doubts about Ida’s role in our past emerged, the circus had moved on.

A good point, except that it’s hard to find a disinterested opinion in this field. Eocene primate paleontology is deeply political. There are just a handful of researchersand almost every one one of them has a well-staked out position in one of a few camps on every issue that no single fossil, even a beautiful on like Ida, is likely to change. Chris Beard thinks anthropoids are ancient and from Asia, with his Eosimias on the lineage. Phillip Gingrich thinks anthropoids descended from cercomoniine adapoids. Szlazy thinks they came from omomyoids; Matt Cartmill thinks they came from tarsiers. Ewlyn Simons and Tab Rasmussen will tend to take whatever position boosts the importance of the Fayum. Everyone is going to respond to Ida on those terms. So, what we’re likely to see in media is as much people scrambling to restate their old positions as new, truly skeptical analyses of Darwinius.

Oh, and, I think this blog scooped New Scientist on the first skeptical reaction to Ida. Yep, that’s right. I expect status as a science media juggarnought to be forthcoming.

Table 3 lists 30 anatomical and morphological characteristics commonly used to distinguish extant strepsirrhine and haplorhine primates. They were taken from the standard primate textbook by Fleagle [74], form the classic W. C. Osman Hill monographs of Strepsirrhine and Haplorhini [75, 76], and from additional references listed in Table 3.

p. 24.

Reference 74 is listed thus:

Fleagle, JG (1999) Primate Adaptation and Evolution, second edition. San Diego: Academic Press. 528 p.

That book is neither 528 pages in length nor does page 528 seem relevant at all to the paper. It is a part of a discussion on on the origins of bipedalism in the chapter on hominids. There’s no mention of haplorhines, strepsirhines, anthropoids, or even particularly any specific features. I can’t think what other meaning “528 p” could have. I noticed because I was actually curious what part of Fleagle the authors of the D. masillae paper were referring to. I can’t recall any similar listing of features, so they must have collated from a broad swath of the text. I don’t have copies of the other references, so can’t speak to them.

I could well be misunderstanding something in the citation. If not, weird. I don’t know what that says about PLoS ONE. Maybe these things are common.

See any resemblance?

“Missing link” is a typical expression in any news report of a discovery of a (supposed) human ancestor, of course. And I will point out that the authors of the description don’t put their case as dramatically as the media does. Their basic thrust is to suggest that the constellation of features in D. masillae warrant a realignment of the Adapoidae (or at least the Cercomoniinae) with the group that includes living tarsiers and humans, that Haplorhini, instead of the group that contains modern lemurs, lorises, and galagos, the Strepsirhini. That’s not exactly a ‘missing link.’ More like a ‘missing cousin.’ However, they do suggest that D. masillae should force paleontologists to recognize  that “the adapoid primates it represents deserve more careful comparison with higher primates than they have received in the past” and make allusion to the possibility that they “could represent a stem group from which later anthropoid primates evolved.”

As I mentioned before, Phillip Gingerich was on the team that described D. masillae, and in addition to being a fine mammalian paleontologist, he also believes on the basis of prior fossil evidence that anthropoids descended from certain adapoid primates of this subfamily Cercomoniinae. This fossil absolutley does not enter into a vacuum, either on the part of the theoretical orientations of its discoverers or the state of the debate on Eocene primates. Gingerich has been a partisan for a number of years in a rather intractable war. D. masillae is a cercomoniine adapoid that the describers claim to have found features on it that point toward anthropoids. This would be a clincher for Gingerich; an astonishingly complete fossil cercomoniine that is transitional to modern anthropoids. The ‘missing link’ with our prosimian past.

This combination, media frenzy, prior convictions, lent me to skepticism. I don’t feel unalterably assuaged.

First, let’s look at the features already cited by Gingerich and others in cercomoniine adapoids to support the theory that they are ancestral to anthropoids. The genus Mahgarita was a previous favorite for it’s “deep snout, fused mandibular symphesis, and enlarged canal for the promontary artery” (Fleagle, 1999). These are indeed all typical anthropoid traits: a high face (deep snout, in this context, as the length of the face still hasn’t been substantially reduced), a single bone in the lower jaw as opposed to the primitive two, and blood supply to the brain provided by the promontory as opposed to the stapedial artery (although this condition also exists in prosimian lorises). To make the point I intend to make here, I don’t particularly need to dispute the likelihood of any of these features forming synapomorphies (unique derived traits) with anthropoids. But, needless to say, the paleontologists who reject the adapoid theory for anthropoid origins are able to explain them away as convergences sufficiently so that no consensus has formed. As it stands, we have a stale mate.

For D. masillae to deserve the media hype (beyond being a beautiful primate fossil) and the confident moniker “missing link” it would need to provide some new evidence, by virtue of its completeness, of synapomorphies with anthropoids. So does it? The technical description is littered with non-committal little allusions to similarities with anthropoids, but I will limit myself to the features the authors’ put forth as definitive synapomorphies. I provide the relevant segment of Table 3 from the describing paper, detailing the binary (yes, no) presence of a list of traits present in Old World monkeys, apes, and humans and mostly present in New World Monkeys (i.e., anthropoid traits) in some living prosimians (note that tarsiers are commonly grouped with anthropoids as haplorhines), an assessment as to their status as primitive or derived, and their status in D. masillae. Say all that five times fast.

Anyway, the table:

Now, again, I don’t particularly hold myself competent to judge the quality of the synapomorphies identified by the describing team to link D. masillae to anthropoids. The criteria I’m holding “Ida” up to in determine whether-or-not the public and scientists should be hailing her as a “missing link” is, “Does she tell us anything new?” There is no indication of post-orbital closer  or a narrowing of the space of bone between the eyes, features that anthropoids share with other potential prosimian ancestor groups and that have traditionally tripped up the adapoid theory. In honesty, save one, all the other features listed have been described in other cercomoniines and used to link them with anthropoids. albeit perhaps not all in the same individual.

The deep mandibular ramus, fused symphesis, and vertically implanted incisors are all reflections of a relatively sturdy, deep lower jaw and have been pointed out many times before (they form perhaps the core of the usual Gingerich case). All are present, for example, in Mahgarita. The short rostrum is somewhat less usual because it is a cranial feature, and there are few cercomoniine crania, but it is linked with the usual suggestion of a shorter, higher face in both adapoids and anthropoids. The post-cranial features are likely to get the most attention (flipping through the Tudge book I can see a number of illustrations detailing the hands and feet of ‘Ida’), and deserve it. However, the absence of a grooming claw has already been demonstrated in a cercomoniine, Europolemur koenigswaldi, though it seems to be present in Europolemur kelleri (of the same genus, no less).  The fibular morphology has also already been commented on as seperating the cercomoniines from lemurs as well as the other family of European adapoids, the Adapidae, and alligning them with haplorhines. The authors don’t make a bad case over all, I suppose, but it doesn’t seem to me to be a particularly new one.

So, while the fossil is certainly extraordinary in what it has to tell us about Eocene primates and how they lived (all the parts of the paper I didn’t talk about), I don’t see as the discovers’ made a sufficiently original case using her unusually complete anatomy to, put frankly, change much in the way we look at anthropoid origins or the Haplorhini. Maybe the authors’ have a good point, and the Adapoidae should be included with tarsiers and anthropoids. But, the case they make in this paper doesn’t seem to use any evidence that wasn’t already available from other fossils.  Before I sound too harsh, let me conclude by saying that the general proposition that this fossil is remarkably complete ergo has unusual potential for informing our understanding of the systematics of Eocene primates is quite possibly sound. But this provisional description (though thorough) doesn’t quite make that case. The mere fact that the fossil they’re working off of is really complete doesn’t make their argument from the same characters as were already known any more especially sound. This only becomes an indictment of the scientists if they fail to follow up with more comprehensive (espcially cladistic) analyses. For now, all we can say is, surprise, surprise, the media jumped the gun.

References:

Beard, KC (2004) The hunt for the dawn monkey: unearthing the origins of monkeys, apes, and humans. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Fleagle JG (1999) Primate adaptation and evolution, second edition. San Diego: Academic Press.

Franzen JL, Gingerich PD, Habersetzer J, Hurum J, von Koenigswald W, Smith, BH (2009) “Complete primate skeleton from the middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: morphology and paleobiology.” PLoS ONE 4(5): e5723. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723

Tudge, Colin (2009) The link: uncovering our earliest ancestor. New York: Little, Brown, and Co.

The two principle actors are Edward Drinker Cope and Othaniel Charles Marsh. These were America’s first professional paleontologists. They were proceeded in their craft by the occasional work of Agassiz and Dana and most importantly by Joseph Leidy. Leidy enters into the story as Cope’s mentor at the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, at the time the nation’s center of paleontological research (mostly because of Leidy). Cope was the son of wealthy Quaker farmers and possessed a lot of education under various scientists (Agassiz in addition to Leidy). The younger Marsh had quite a different history. He was a Yallie, followed by an extensive and pedigree German training. When he returned from Europe he took up a position at his Alma Mater.

The first meeting of the two occurred in Philadelphia. Cope had reconstructed a fossil Elasmosarus recently recovered in Kansas, an ancient sea reptile. Cope had put the head at the end of a short neck giving the animal a long tail. Marsh quickly realized that the head was on the animal backwards. To Cope’s mortification, he picked up the skull and moved to the end of the long ‘tail,’ where it articulated perfectly. Not an auspicious start.

As the two began mounting parallel field expeditions to the opening fossil fields of the West, ill-feeling intensified into a real professional rivalry. The story of these expeditions take up a substatial part of the book, and are often engaging reading, even if they feel a little dragging at times. The story of Marsh and Cope weave through Western praries, Indian wars, stage routes, and mining towns, populated by characters like Sitting Bull, General Custard, and even Wild Bill Hickock. The links between the opening of Americna science and the opening of the American West run deep and profound. The major fossil strikes of at Bridger Basin, Cannon City, Como Bluff, and other  sites are well documented. Anecdotes like how Marsh went to battle with the Indian Bureau over their ill-treatment of the Sioux at the behest of Chief Red Cloud, and the friendship that developed between then as a consequence, form interesting linkages to the broader politics of the age. Where Jaffe neglects to give enough attention, it seems, though, is in how the fued actually developed. By the end of the book, the two are going to great lengths to do each other harm. Cope endangers his odds of getting published a series of monographs essential to his financial stability just to attack the US Geological Survey headed by a Marsh ally, John Wesley Powell. I didn’t put the book down really understanding why it got to that point.

I was impressed with Jaffe’s ability to link sequences of events kicked off by either Cope or Marsh and the profound impacts they could sometimes have. Cope attacks Marsh and the USGS, anti-science senators use the controversy he kicks up to cut Powell’s funding, his plan for the development of the American Southwest (one that would have denied the doctrine of the “rain following the plow” that led to the later dustbowl and current water crises) dies in the womb. In this way, the book largely lives up to its ambitious subtitle. The book is an intriging and comprehensive, if sometimes less than intellectually probing, account of two extremely interesting personalities and the age they helped shape.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/05/090519-missing-link-found.html

Apparently this thing had been lingering in private collections for 23 years until it was discovered by Jorn Hurum at a sale in 2006. The skeleton is 47 million years old, making it early Eocene. And, again, it’s beautiful. The most intriguing early Eocene fossils we had before now looked more like Altiatlasius and Eosimias: handfuls of teeth and a few jaws.

Eosimias, no more media coverage for you.

The ‘missing link’ mania, though, is a bit hasty. The team that was called in the describe this fossil included, surprise-surpise, Phillip Gingrich. The team identified it as a notharctid adapiform. Gingrich is the author of theory of anthropoid origins which holds the notharctids to be the ancestors of anthropoids. Previously, Gingrich had built his theory pointing out adapiform-like features in Oligocene anthropoids from the Fayum (abetted by that site’s major paleontologist, Ewlyn Simons). Now, however, he has an incredibly well preserved notharctid and, low and behold, it seems to have “anthropoid features.” According to Gingrich, this is the fossil that proves his entire theory; it is an early adapiform that has features suggesting ancestry to anthropoids. Skepticism is warrented. Some of the response to the paper in PLoS ONE have already questioned the durability of that association. So, it’s wait and see on the ‘missing link’ angle. Still, beautiful and remarkably important fossil that primate paleontologists are going to be talking about for a number of years. I look forward to learning more.