Schrödinger's Quarter

The Coin Flip: A Fundamentally Unfair Proposition?

The physics, and statistics, of flipping a coin.

The 50-50 proposition is actually more of a 51-49 proposition, if not worse. The sacred coin flip exhibits (at minimum) a whopping 1% bias, and possibly much more. 1% may not sound like a lot, but it’s more than the typical casino edge in a game of blackjack or slots. What’s more, you can take advantage of this little-known fact to give yourself an edge in all future coin-flip battles.

The Aqueous Aragorn Effect

Water Striders. Filmed in slow-motion, of course.

There’s actually a bit of physics here, starting with the obvious, the reason they don’t sink: surface tension. Water is polar, so the molecules tend to attract each other, making the surface act like a series of springs and able to support small masses, up to the point that the attraction is overpowered.

Once the strider starts moving, we can see some more physics in action:

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The water strider is actually hard to see in this picture — it’s a little above and the the left of center. The black dots are a shadow of sorts. The insect would not cast much of a visible shadow if it were on a flat surface; it’s small and light will tend to diffract around the legs. But what’s happening here is that the feet make an indentation in the water and it turns the now-curved surface of the water into a lens. And the lens is concave, so the light diverges and leaves a dark spot because light has been directed away.

The water strider has been moving, and this disturbs the water. We see the waves from this disturbance and the interference as two separate waves pass through each other.

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Once again, you’re seeing the effects displayed on the creek bed, rather than the surface.

Those Who Can, Do. Those Who Can't, Explain.

Usain Bolt: The Science of Running Really Fast

Even without knowing the times, you can see that this is a special run. The first few seconds are fairly average, and as expected the acceleration trails off after around 40m, but then he just keeps going. Bolt covers 60-80m faster than 40-60m, somehow increasing his acceleration, and takes 80-100m at the same speed, with no significant deceleration.

Energy: It's Nothing to Snicker At

Of Car Crashes and Snickers Bars

Pop quiz, hotshot. Using the caloric energy content of a candy bar (e.g. Snickers, at 250 food calories), what is the kinetic energy of a two-ton behemoth SUV traveling at about 70 mph? A first-order approximation is fine — no need to worry about more than one significant digit.

Got it? Think of your number and then proceed to the analysis.
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