Frozen Waterfalls

10 Most Incredible Waterfalls of Ice

BP (before physics) I used to wonder how waterfalls could freeze. But if one looks at the physics, it’s apparent that the motion of water moving in a stream, river or waterfall is small compared to the thermal motion, so this motion really has little effect.

Take a peek at picture #5, showing the frozen outer cylinder, with water still falling inside of it.

Stress Makes Them Bi

Birefringent. Not that there’s anything wrong with that.

In my earlier discussion of polarization, I promised some photos of stress-induced birefringence.

If you have a polarizing filter, you can use an LCD as a polarized light source and view birefringent materials using it as a backdrop. Make the screen as white as possible, and rotate the polarizer until it blocks the light. Then place a birefringent material in front of the screen and look through the polarizer. Cheap clear plastic often will have stress-induced birefringence.

Which is what I did, and is why the background is black. The first photo is the plastic box in which the polarizers were packaged

These next two are the side and top views of a styrene drawer from a small storage cabinet, placed on top of an empty CD spindle.