A common misconception by many lay-determinists (non-physicists) is that Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle describes a technical problem of our measurements rather than a principle of the universe. However, Stephen Hawking predicted the radiation named after him as stemming from virtual particle/antiparticle pairs being generated by quantum vacuum fluctuations right at the event horizon of black holes. A similar effect was claimed to have been observed in the lab. Just this week, another effect having to do with quantum fluctuations in a vacuum generating particle/antiparticle pairs has been observed. Forty years ago it was predicted that these same fluctuations which are thought to give rise to Hawking Radiation should become ‘real’, i.e., visible photons when they hit a mirror which moves at a significant fraction of the speed of light. It is this generation of photons which was directly observed and reported in the paper cited above.
Monthly Archives: November 2011
It's a Trick Question
How Does Faster-Than-Light Quantum Communication Work?
Every so often, I ask readers to submit their sci/tech questions, so that I can go pester people until I have some answers that I can share with the rest of the class. One recent question was: “How does faster-than-light quantum communication work?” Short answer: it doesn’t. But of course there’s more to it than that.
Bonus: entanglement explained correctly, for which I am thankful
Status Update
George Takei linked to my glass half-full/half-empty/superposition cartoon.
That is all.
It Only Looks Like the World's Larges 3D Illusion
ZOMG, the World is Melting
No, That's Not It
A number of stories have come out about how OPERA has “confirmed” the faster-than-light finding that was reported recently. Well, not really — they used shorter pulses to address one of the concerns: that the very wide (~10,000 nanosecond) pulses might have given a misleading result when the curve-fitting took place. So they shortened the pulse width, and got the same 60-nanosecond offset. But this doesn’t address other systematics that might be responsible, so it doesn’t really count as a confirmation. Validation will only come when different setups, with different systematics, agree. (The Bad Astronomer has made a similar observation)
There are also reports about how the FTL result has been refuted: Study rejects “faster than light” particle finding
That’s not quite right, either. The model says that FTL neutrinos should lose energy, in a process analogous to Cerenkov radiation that is emitted by charged particles. But since we’re talking about new physics, theory is no proof of anything. Proof (scientific proof, that is) comes from experimental confirmation. Nature has the final say. So this model is no more a refutation of the FTL neutrinos than relativity is — they are both good reason to suspect the result and demand a very high standard of evidence, but they do not constitute a true rejection of the phenomenon.
Similarly, I could (and would) dismiss idle claims of perpetual motion based on the laws of thermodynamics, but if someone were to build an actual perpetual motion device, there would be ways to test it, and very stringent testing would be demanded. And nobody would be surprised when the device ultimately failed. But if the device somehow worked, all the fingers in the world pointing to a thermodynamics textbook wouldn’t change that. Another example (from my field of work) would be laser cooling, when experiment contradicted the prevailing theory, which is a strong parallel to what is happening with the neutrino saga.
There’s also this bit that I noticed:
The September announcement of the finding, backed up last week after new studies, caused a furor in the scientific world as it seemed to suggest Albert Einstein’s ideas on relativity, and much of modern physics, were based on a mistaken premise.
The test was not backed up, as I have already written, and I wouldn’t characterize this as a furor. I haven’t seen any protests about this (the Nobel riots notwithstanding); there don’t seem to be any moves to “occupy CERN” of which I am aware.
Here’s a similar take on the “refutation”
The Devil is in the Details
Breakthrough material is barely more than air
Researchers at HRL Laboratories, the California Institute of Technology, and the University of California at Irvine have created what they say is the lowest-density material, a lattice of hollow tubes of the metal nickel.
Its volume is 99.99 percent air, and its density is 0.9 milligram per cubic centimeter–not including the air in or between its tubes. That density is less than one-thousandth that of water.
… of if this Paper Has One Side, and Whether Pigs Have Wings!
Of Mobius Strips and the Shape of Things
[E]ven though Earth is (roughly) spherical, the directions you travel can be broken down into two directions: North-South (longitude lines) and East-West (latitude lines). However, there are two places where the latitude-longitude coordinate system breaks down: the North and South Poles, where a single latitude corresponds to all the longitudes simultaneously. In fact, no coordinate system can describe the surface of a sphere without a breakdown at at least one point! It’s not for lack of trying, it’s just a mathematical fact. (There are coordinate systems that break down at only one point, but they’re less useful for cartography.)
Arguments about Möbius are always so one-sided.
Skinner!
Chalmers scientists create light from vacuum
“The result was that photons appeared in pairs from the vacuum, which we were able to measure in the form of microwave radiation,” says Per Delsing. “We were also able to establish that the radiation had precisely the same properties that quantum theory says it should have when photons appear in pairs in this way.”
What happens during the experiment is that the “mirror” transfers some of its kinetic energy to virtual photons, which helps them to materialise.
I would like to take this opportunity to caution anyone against taking this result and recasting it as some hocus-pocus, or a magical way to tap the vacuum as an energy source, but it’s already happened. An article in Forbes is the kind of thing that opens up that door.
After rotating the SQUID at those high speeds, the team were able to detect several real photons that were essentially created from nothing.
No, not essentially. The interesting detail here from QM (and specifically quantum electrodynamics) is that the vacuum isn’t “nothing” and Forbes just completely ignores that to create an abracadabra moment.
And Physics He Might Have Disliked
Microwave Math That Einstein Would Have Loved
Measuring the speed of light with a microwave is a pretty standard DIY experiment, though I prefer using chocolate chips, given the premise that one should eat the experiment if it’s about food. (Then again, the article suggests Velveeta. Put that on your spam and wonderbread sandwich and it’s still food-free). Sure, Einstein might have liked that.
My nit is with this
To get the most out of your microwave, it helps to understand that it cooks with light waves, much like a grill does, except that the light waves are almost five inches (12.2 centimeters) from peak to peak—a good bit longer in wavelength than the infrared rays that coals put out.
A grill is not really that much like a microwave. A microwave uses (non-thermal) radiation to cook food. A grill uses convection, conduction and radiation. If it just used radiation, you could put a transparent* vacuum system in between the food and the coals and still cook the food, but that wouldn’t give you the expected result. The air is hot, as is the grill itself — you get a pattern burned into your hamburger patty or hot dog from where it lies on the hot grill. Conduction and convection. All three modes of heat transfer play a role.
What is said about the wavelength isn’t wrong, but it does tend to reinforce the mistaken conception that infrared radiation is synonymous with heat. The blackbody radiation that would be emitted wouldn’t have a specific wavelength, since it would be a continuum, and it would include wavelengths longer and possibly shorter than IR, if the source were hot enough. The microwaves, of course, are not heat in a physic sense — in thermodynamic terms that would be considered work, since they do not come from a thermal source; it’s not coming from a temperature difference. An infrared laser could be used to cook, but that wouldn’t be heat either.
I really have no idea if Albert would have liked or disliked such an example, but I suspect glossing over details that give the wrong implication might have bothered him.
*Certainly not one made of pyrex